PM123 1.21 User's Manual
  1. Welcome to PM123!
  2. PM123 User Interface
    1. Main Window
    2. Main Menu
    3. Playlist Menu
    4. Configuration Dialog
    5. ID3 Tag Editor
    6. Sound Visualization Plug-in
    7. Graphical Sound Equalizer
    8. Playlist Manager
    9. Commandline Parameters
    10. Drag and Drop Operations
  3. Skin Utility (WinAmp Skins)
  4. Troubleshooting
  5. Remote Control
  6. Support & Contact
  7. Copyright, Credits and Greetings
  8. Netscape Navigator Configuration
Welcome to PM123!
Hello and welcome to the wonderful world of digital music on OS/2. First we must congratulate you for choosing the best MPEG-audio player available for OS/2! PM123 has been in development since beginning of 1997 and has become the most advanced player on OS/2.

PM123 is mainly a native OS/2 PM application for playing audio MPEG 1.0, 2.0 and 2.5 Layer I, II, and III. It does so by using mpg123 engine, which is still quite fast. The interface, however, is a whole new world. The player supports:

Included plug-ins have the following features: PM123's Main Window

PM123's default main player window

This is PM123's main window on startup. The window has several controls and lots of status information. The main playing controls are these:

From left to right: play, pause, rewind, fast forward, open/close palylist, repeat mode, randomize playlist, next song, previous song and power off. Volume can be controlled clicking and dragging the volume bar:

While playing there are some status indicators such as:


Stereo/mono indicator and bitrate
Playlist index/total

You can right click the player to open up the main menu.

Keyboard shortcuts: We have defined some keyboard shortcuts to be used from the main window:

PM123's Main Menu
The main menu can be invoked by clicking the right mousebutton or by pressing space over the main window. The following menu will then pop up:
Open playlist: Opens the playlist window.
Load file: Opens a single file.
Load URL: Opens a file from the Internet for streaming.
Load Track: Loads a CD track
Recall: Displays shortcuts to 10 last used files.
Edit ID3 tag: Edits the ID3 tag of the currently loaded file.
Save Stream: Save a stream from the Internet
Add to bookmarks: Add a MP3 to your bookmarks.
Edit bookmarks: Edits your bookmarks file.
Bookmarks: Display your bookmarks (favourite songs).
Properties: Displays PM123's configuration dialog.
Plug-ins: Gives easy access to the plug-ins' configuration dialogs. Checked plug-ins are enabled or activated.
Load skin: Load a new skin into the player.
Equalizer: Displays the Graphical Equalizer.
Playlist Manager: Displays the Playlist Manager.
Font: A submenu which allows you to select from two fonts.
Size: A submenu which allows you to select the size of the player from 3 predefined sizes.
Float on top: Toggles 'float on top' option, which allows PM123 to float above all windows.
Hide window: Hides the player window. PM123 can be restored by selecting it from the window list.

Keyboard shortcuts: You can use any of the commands in the main menu by giving focus to the PM123 window (by clicking it, for example) and pressing Alt and any character underlined in the main menu. For example, you can edit the ID3 tag by pressing Alt+3.

PM123's Playlist Menu

Use this playlist: Activates this playlist.
Add Files: Add file(s) to the playlist.
Add URL: Add HTTP files or playlists (M3Us).
Add Tracks: Add CD tracks to the playlist.
Clear list: Clear the whole list.
Save list: Saves the list.
Load list: Loads a saved list.
Recall: This submenu has shortcuts to 10 last loaded playlists.
Sort: This submenu has options to sort the playlist by size, playing time, filename or songname.
Load: Loads this file into the player.
Remove from list: Removes this file from the playlist.
Edit tag: Edits this file's ID3 tag.
Delete tag: Removes the ID3 tag from this file.

Keyboard shortcuts: You can use any of the commands in the playlist menu by giving focus to the playlist (by clicking it, for example) and pressing Alt and any character underlined in the playlist menu. For example, you can edit the ID3 tag by pressing Alt+E or load a new playlist by pressing Alt+L.

PM123's Configuration Dialog


PM123's properties dialog page 1 of 4

This proporties dialog can be accessed from the main menu. In the dialog you can configure PM123's audio engine and interface.

Behaviour

Play & load

Start playing on file load: Automatically starts playing when you load a file
Auto 'use playlist' on add: Automatically selects "Use this playlist" when adding files or directories to the playlist.
Auto 'play' on 'use playlist': Automatically starts playing on "Use playlist".
Trash buffers on seek: This option provides a much faster response on seek operations (fast forward, rewind, jump to position), but consumes more CPU time during the seek.

Scroll

Infinite: Keeps scrolling the display forth and back until you start feeling sick :-)
Once: Scrolls the display forth and back once.
Disable: Prevents the display from scrolling. Useful if you are scroll-sick.

Default display

Filename: Display the filename by default
ID3 tag: Display the ID3 tag by default
File info: Display the file information by default (bitrate, frequency, mode).

Dock playlist window to x pixels: This will allow the playlist to dock into the main window so that when then main window is moved, the playlist follows. Specify the distance in pixels to allow for docking.

Streaming audio

HTTP proxy URL: Specify your HTTP proxy here.
HTTP auth: This is your HTTP authentication string in format username:password
Buffer size: Specifies the read ahead buffer size (useful when plaing across a network or from a streaming source).
Fill buffer before playing: Fills the buffer (see above) before playing.


PM123's properties dialog, page 2 of 4

Plug-Ins

This dialog is divided into two parts - one for the visual plug-ins and the second for decoder plug-ins

Enable/Disable: Enables/disables the selected plugin.
Unload: Unloads the plugin completely.
Configure: Avalaible only if the plugin is configurable. Click this button to set plugin's settings.
Add: Add a plugin (visual plugins are skin specific, see PM123 sound visualization)


PM123's properties dialog, page 3 of 4

This dialog is also divided into two parts - in filter plugins part, you can add a filter, in output plugins part you can use a output plugins...

Enable/Disable: Enables/disables the selected plugin.
Unload: Unloads the plugin completely.
Configure: Avalaible only if the plugin is configurable. Click this button to set plugin's settings.
Add: Add a plugin

Activate: Activate an output plugin.

There must be always one active output plug-in. With wavout plugin, you can save the music to a WAV file. WAVOUT plugin is very useful for gabbing CD audio tracks... ;-)

Last proporties dialog (page 4) is About dialog. There are some info about PM123, author etc.

PM123's ID3 Tag Editor

"ID3 tag editor? What's that?", you might ask. ID3 tags are way of appending some information to each MP3 file. The information contains song title, artist's name, album's name, music's style, release year and a comment. ID3 tags don't belong to the MPEG standard, but it has already become a widely spread standard among MP3 listeners. It's a good idea to add this tag to your MP3 files (if your filenames get mangled, you'll always know the songname).


PM123's ID3 tag editor window

PM123's tag editor is quite simpled. It can be invoked for the current file from the main menu or by pressing Alt+3 on the player window. You can also edit the tags of the files in the playlist by right clicking a file in the playlist and selecting Edit tag or by pressing Alt+E in the playlist. You can also remote a tag by selecting Delete tag.

PM123's Sound Visualization plug-in

PM123 comes with a sound visualization plugin, ANALYZER.DLL which is located in the visplug directory. The plugin is visible right next to the volume bar. By default it shows the spectrum analyzer. Click it once to bring up the oscilloscope, a second time to bring up the CPU monitor and third time to disable it.


The spectrum analyzer.

Note that because the spectrum analyzer is visual plugin, it is skin specific and will not display on older PM123 skins. But you can add them easily to any skin by editing the skin's .SKN file and adding this to it: 

1=visplug/analyzer.dll,x,y,size-x,size-y
Replace x, y, size-x and size-y with suitable coordinates (a easy way to find out the coordinates for a certain area is to load up PMView, take a Window capture of the skin and use the 'Track info' feature). You can also use WinAmp-compatible viscolor.txt files like this: 
1=visplug/analyzer.dll,x,y,size-x,size-y,viscolor.txt
The plugin will then read viscolor.txt and adapt to colors specified in it!

PM123's Graphical Sound Equalizer

PM123 users can enjoy and play with the graphical sound equalizer provided.


PM123 Graphical Equalizer window

To enable the equalizer, click on "Equalizer enabled". Now you can adjust the bands by dragging the sliders. Preamplifier slider does software amplification (useful if your soundcards amplifier is broken). You can also mute bands by clicking on the checkboxes below sliders. To restore everything back to normal, click "Default". You can also save and load equalizer profiles.

If you don't think this equalizer suits your needs well enough, you can use Samuel's Real Equalizer plugin, which provides excellent sound quality and more bands to manipulate. The plugin is provided with PM123 and is located in file realeq.dll. Install it via PM123's Properties dialog (Add filter plugin -button). You can display the configuration window by pressing the Configure button in the same dialog.


Real Equalizer plugin

Adjust FIR Order to suit your machine (at least P150 recommended for FIR order 64).

This Equalizer is a THE real thing. A full fledged FIR designed with the window method using OOURA's RDFT and a Hamming window. This equalizer can also be used with any decoders contrarily to the MPEG audio decoder! Also since it's a real EQ, it uses juice. I mean major juice. Although, with MMX, the overhead is reduced A LOT. I'm planning on using a Remez exchange algorithm instead of the window method to optimize the FIR order needed to achieve the desired result. All I know is that it can "significantly reduce the order of a FIR filter", what that exactly means, I don't know. I also don't have time to work on an IIR based filter, MMX being pretty much the savior of FIR filters on the Intel platform and because IIR filters dephase the sound (lower quality).

To come back on the filter order for the casual user, this is the number of samples processed (in addition to the current sample) to obtain a new sample. What does this means? Ok say you are playing at 44100Hz, this means there are 44100 samples passing per second in the filter also, right? Ok, so say you'd like to catch 20Hz and filter that decently. This means you will need a filter order of at least 44100/20-1 = 2204!!! With values in this range, you can make your stereo EQ jealous. Get a Pentium III or Athlon and ditch your stereo.

This also means that with a small 64 coeficient filter order, the EQ cannot process frequencies under 44100/(64+1) = ~678Hz properly. So the choice of any bands under this frequency might be irrelevant, and modifying one of the other might give the same effect (if any effect at all). The 32 middle octave bands are calculated by step of 1/3 octave as defined by the ISO standard and are as follow in Hz:

ISO Standard Frequencies (Hz)
16,0
20,0
25,0
31,5
40,0
50,0
63,0
80,0
100
125
160
200
250
315
400
500
630
800
1000
1250
1600
2000
2500
3150
4000
5000
6300
8000
10000
12500
16000
20000

The FIR order needs to be a multiple of 2 (or 16 because of MMX). The plansize is for the initial FFT and therefore needs to be a power of 2. Just leave it at 8192, that's fine, unless you are planning on playing anything way over 48000kHz.

WARNING!! If you do not "Use MMX", the FPU will be used and you might not be able to get away with 512 coeficients with the FPU. So change it to some more reasonable values such as 64 before trying it.

With MMX, it can play realtime with 768 coeficients on a P166 MMX and it can easily do 4096 with a Celeron 500!! This is pretty much as good as most professional EQs...!!

PM123's Playlist Manager

Playlist Manager is provided for browsing and managing playlists. Note that Playlist Manager is not a replacement for the playlist. You can add and remove lists from Playlist Manager, load lists into the normal playlist, load single files and calculate statistics. Also note that some of Playlist Manager's options only work with playlists saved with PM123 1.0.


PM123 Playlist Manager window

Playlist Manager will remember the playlist added to it next time you open it. Right click on an empty space (the title, for example) to get the main menu:

Add a playlist: Adds a new playlist to the Playlist Manager.
Statistics: Shows statistics for all playlists and files in Playlist Manager.

Right click on a playlist to get the list menu:

Load this playlist: Loads this playlist into PM123 playlist.
Statistics: Shows statistics for this playlist only.

Remove from list: Removes this playlist from Playlist Manager.
Delete: Removes this playlist from Playlist Manager and your hard disk.

Right click on a file to get the file menu:

Load this file: Loads this playlist into PM123.

PM123 playlist files

PM123 playlist files always have the extension .LST and they contain simply CR separated lines of the files in playlist (plus Playlist Manager special lines starting with >). PM123 also understands .MPL files used by WarpAMP and M3U playlists used over the Internet.

PM123's Commandline Parameters

PM123 accepts a couple commandline parameters: 

        -cmd [host] command     If `host' is omitted, send commands to local PM123, otherwise
                                send commands to PM123 running on `host'. For a command listing,
                                see PM123 Remote control.
        -smooth                 Enables the smooth scroller, which supports national characters
                                and DBCS. Only works with the default skin.
        -shuffle                Shuffles files added from commandline.
PM123 also accepts MP3 files, URLs and playlists as commandline parameters.

(the -proxy, -auth and -48as44 options in 1.0 have been moved to the Properties notebook)

PM123 Drag and Drop Operations

You can drag and drop one or more MP3 files to PM123's main window or playlist. You can also drop one or more directories to them, and of course playlist files.

PM123's Skin Utility (WinAmp Skins)

PM123 comes with a skin utility (SKINUTIL.EXE), which can converts WinAmp skins to PM123 skins. Here's an example how to convert a WinAmp skin (SKIN.ZIP): 
        [c:\pm123] md skin
        [c:\pm123] cd skin
        [c:\pm123\skin] unzip -j c:\files\skin.zip
        Archive: c:/files/skin.zip
          inflating: Viscolor.txt
          inflating: Position.bmp
          inflating: Main.BMP
          inflating: Text.BMP
          inflating: option.bmp
          inflating: Cbuttons.bmp
          inflating: Titlebar.BMP
          inflating: Monoster.bmp
          inflating: Posbar.bmp
          inflating: Shufrep.bmp
          inflating: Volume.BMP
          inflating: Numbers.BMP
          inflating: Playpaus.bmp
        [c:\pm123\skin] cd ..
        [c:\pm123] skinutil convert skin
   PM123 Skin Utility (c) 1998 Taneli Leppä <rosmo@sektori.com>
        Processing skin/cbuttons.bmp.......
        Processing skin/titlebar.bmp..........
        Processing skin/text.bmp: abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz_-()&.:0123456789öä ,+%[]
        Processing skin/posbar.bmp..
        Processing skin/volume.bmp...
        Processing skin/shufrep.bmp:....
        Processing skin/monoster.bmp:..
        Processing skin/numbers.bmp:............
        Processing skin/main.bmp:.
        Creating skin.dat...
        Creating skin.pak
        Bundling...
        124 images, total 212444 bytes (207 kB).
        Creating skin.skn
        Cleaning up...
There you go. You can now load skin.skn from PM123. The skin utility also created files skin.pak and skin.dat that are required if you use the skin. You can also bundle your old skins with lots of small files into two files. Run skinutil.exe without any parameters to see help.

PM123 Troubleshooting

1. The player skips and/or the audio doesn't sound right!

There might be multiple reasons if you encounter this problem. Some of them are listed here. First of all, check your MP3 file. It may be broken. It might play succesfully on another player, but mpg123 may not necessarily like it. If you think it's not related to the input stream, maybe the problem is one of these: Extra effort has been put in creating a priority system that stops skipping. Samuel, who did the priority system, convinces us by saying: "I have played 2 MP3s on my P150 and watched a "dir /s" smooothly and happily scrolling in the foreground without either MP3 skipping... I think that's pretty convincing."

2. The player crashes on startup.

3. My mouse cursor is jerky or jumpy!

PM123 Remote Control

PM123 can be remotely controlled via a named pipe, \PIPE\PM123. Named pipes were chosen because of their excellent features. Quoting from the Control Program Programming Guide and Reference: "Named pipes enable related or unrelated processes on either the same computer system or different systems to communicate with each other. Any process that knows the name of a pipe can open and use a named pipe. In addition, named pipe data can be transparently redirected across a network, such as a local area network (LAN)".

To remote control PM123 on the same computer, you can use either the built-in "echo" command, or the PM123 executable itself. PM123 understands a set of commands that are written to the pipe. For example, 

        [c:\usr\pm123] pm123 -cmd volume 80
        [c:\usr\pm123] echo *volume 80 > \pipe\pm123
These commands will set the volume to 80%. 
        [c:\usr\pm123] pm123 -cmd add d:\music\test.mp3
        [c:\usr\pm123] echo *add d:\music\test.mp3 > \pipe\pm123
These commands will add the file d:\music\test.mp3 to the playlist.

If you use echo, remember to prepend any commands sent to it with a * character. PM123 currently understands the following commands (optional parameters are enclosed in parenthesis):
play file Starts playing. If file was specified, it will be first loaded and playback will be started.
stop Stop playback.
pause on|off Pauses or unpauses the playback.
next Selects the next song in playlist.
previous Selects the previous song in playlist.
rewind Toggles rewind of the currently playing file.
forward Toggles fast forward of the currently playing file.
jump n Jump to n seconds in the currently playing file.
volume n Sets volume to n% (scale 0-100, of course). And returns previous volume setting.
load file Loads a file into. Plays it too, if 'auto play on load' is set.
shuffle Toggles shuffling.
repeat Toggles repeat.
mono on|off Toggles mono mode on.
downmix on|off Toggles downmixing 2 to 1.
autouse on|off Toggles 'auto use playlist on add'.
playonload on|off Toggles 'auto play on load'.
playonuse on|off Toggles 'auto play on playlist use'.
float on|off Toggles 'float on top'.
font 1|2 Selects font 1 or font 2.
size regular|small|tiny Selects the player size.
hide Hides the player window.
add file1;file2;file3 Adds file(s) to playlist. Multiple files must be separated with ';' characters.
use Use the playlist.
clear Clears the playlist.
dir directory Add directory to the playlist (non-recursive).
rdir directory Add directory to the playlist (recursive).
status tag|file|info Returns the information currently displayed in the scroller or returns nothing if "no file loaded".

Now for the cool part. You can control PM123 over your OS/2 Local Area Network. Just use \\SERVER\PIPE\PM123. \\SERVER is the name of the computer PM123 runs on. For example, 

        [c:\usr\pm123] pm123 -cmd \\mycomputer volume 80
        [c:\usr\pm123] echo *volume 80 > \\mycomputer\pipe\pm123
        [c:\usr\pm123] pm123 -cmd \\mycomputer add d:\music\test.mp3
        [c:\usr\pm123] echo *add d:\music\test.mp3 > \\mycomputer\pipe\pm123
Will do the same as examples above, but from a different computer. Easy, isn't it?

Support & Contact

Support is not provided to anybody, so please do not contact us for problems as neither of us is using OS/2 anymore. Of course, we can always work on contract. In this case, please do contact us.

Samuel Audet <guardia@step.polymtl.ca> (http://step.polymtl.ca/~guardia/)
Taneli Leppä <rosmo@sektori.com>

Web sites:http://sektori.com/pm123
http://hobbes.nmsu.edu/pub/os2/apps/mmedia/sound/players/
http://www.step.polymtl.ca/~guardia/pm123.php

Copyright, Credits and Greetings

Rosmo's greetings go out to: Sektori.com folks, dink (check out his cool Z! MP3 player), Olli 'MrWizard' Maksimainen, Adrian 'ktk' Gschwend (Netlabs rules!), ml, Eirik 'Ltning' Overby, tSS, PartyGirl, Kerni, NuKe, WinAmp authors for inspiration, #os2finnin kanta-asiakkaat, #os2prog'ers (now #codepros no?), Sinebrychoff and all MP3 enthuastics.

Samuel's greetings: Mom, Miho, Sophie, Gerry, Marc, Olli Maksimainen, Mads Orbesen Troest (Leech it!), Eirik Overby (made some cool skins!), dink, nuke (EverBlue ready now?? :), Adrian Gschwend (aka ktk), GryGhost, Julien Pierre (who helped me with MMOS/2 before), Cow_woC, Sander van Leeuwen, Achim Hasenmueller (lou!! WHAT? Odin not ready yet? :) and of course Michael Hipp and Oliver Fromme!!

Finally, thanks to Filip Molcan for updating this manual for pm123 1.1 beta 4!

Please read first the important information in the COPYRIGHT and COPYING files that have been copied below.

Original mpg123 decoder written/modified by:

with help and code from:

Graphical User Interface for pm123 by:

Generalized Bitmap Module by:

Ooura Fourier Transformation Library:

WarpIN Installer:

COPYING: License for the mpg123 plug-in

This license covers ONLY mpg123.dll, http123.dll and the related source files.

Copyright (c) 1995-1999 by Michael Hipp, all rights reserved.
Copyright (c) 1998-2003 by Samuel Audet, all rights reserved.

Original mpg123 decoder written/modified by:
   Michael Hipp <Michael.Hipp@student.uni-tuebingen.de>
   Oliver Fromme <oliver.fromme@heim3.tu-clausthal.de>

with help and code from:
   Samuel Audet <guardia@step.polymtl.ca>: OS/2 port
   MPEG Software Simulation Group: reference decoder package
   Tobias Bading: idea for DCT64 in subband synthesis from maplay package
   Jeff Tsay and Mikko Tommila: MDCT36 from maplay package
   Philipp Knirsch <phil@mpik-tueb.mpg.de>: DCT36/manual unroll idea
   Thomas Woerner <..> (SGI Audio)
   Damien Clermonte <..> (HP-UX audio fixes)
   Stefan Bieschewski <stb@acm.org>: Pentium optimizations, decode_i586.s
   Martin Denn <mdenn@unix-ag.uni-kl.de>: NAS port
   Niklas Beisert <nbeisert@physik.tu-muenchen.de> MPEG 2.5 tables
   <mycroft@NetBSD.ORG> and <augustss@cs.chalmers.se>: NetBSD
   Kevin Brintnall <kbrint@visi.com> BSD patch
   Tony Million: win32 port
   Steven Tiger Lang: advanced shuffle
   Henrik P Johnson: HTTP auth patch
   and more ....

Current distribution site for new test versions is the CVS repository.
http://www.mpg123.org/ has more information about how to acces the
CVS repository.

You can get the latest release from
  http://www.mpg123.org/

DISTRIBUTION:
This software may be distributed freely, provided that it is
distributed in its entirety, without modifications, and with
the original copyright notice and license included. You may
distribute your own seperate patches together with this software
package or a modified package if you always include a pointer 
where to get the original unmodified package. In this case
you must inform the author about the modified package.
The software may not be sold for profit or as "hidden" part of 
another software, but it may be included with collections 
of other software, such as CD-ROM images of FTP servers and 
similar, provided that this software is not a significant part 
of that collection. 
Precompiled binaries of this software may be distributed in the
same way, provided that this copyright notice and license is
included without modification.

USAGE:
This software may be used freely, provided that the original
author is always credited.  If you intend to use this software
as a significant part of business (for-profit) activities, you
have to contact the author first.  Also, any usage that is not
covered by this license requires the explicit permission of
the author.

DISCLAIMER:
This software is provided as-is.  The author can not be held
liable for any damage that might arise from the use of this
software.  Use it at your own risk.
COPYRIGHT: License for the rest of PM123

This license covers the entirety of the PM123 source file distribution,
except GBM which is left into the public domain, and the mpg123 plug-in
(including http123.dll) which is left under the license found in the file
named COPYING.

Copyright 1997-2003 Samuel Audet <guardia@step.polymtl.ca>
                    Taneli Leppä <rosmo@sektori.com>

Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:

   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice,
      this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.

   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.

   3. The name of the author may not be used to endorse or promote products
      derived from this software without specific prior written permission.

THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED
WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO
EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR
BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER
IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.