Copyright © 2001-2003 Maciej Sobczak
The YAMI Python Module is a set of classes provided for the Python interpreter and supporting the YAMI communication concepts. The module is in fact a wrapper for the YAMI Core Library.
The YAMI Python Module consists of two files:
yamipyc.so
- this is a shared library that should be loaded into the Python interpreter; the module defines and implements the YAMI classes and functions (on Windows it is yamipyc.dll
),
YAMI.py
- this file implements the shadow definitions and provides the object-based interface to the definitions in the first file
It is perfectly possible to use the bare-bone interface from the yamipyc.so
file, but the object-based interface is designed to make the use of YAMI as easy as possible. Therefore, only object-based interface is documented. For reference considering the other interface, see the source code.
Almost every function in the module can result in an error, which is set as a native Python exception.
The concept of Parameter Set is implemented with the use of Python lists. There is no separate object that needs to be created before the message is sent. Also, the native Python lists are used after receiving the message or the response.
The list of parameters is typed, for example:
['hello', 123, 3.14159]The list above contains three values: string value
hello
, integer value 123
and double (floating point) value 3.14159
.
There are two parameter types that cannot be easily represented with the native Python type: byte and binary.
The byte type can be wrapped in the Byte
object, for example:
>>> b = Byte(5) >>> b.getValue() 5 >>> list = [1, 3.14, Byte(5)] >>> list[0] 1 >>> list[1] 3.14 >>> list[2].getValue() 5 >>>The above example creates a single
Byte
object, initialized with the value 5
. The value can be read with the getValue
method. Later, the code creates the list containing one integer, one double and one byte object.
The binary type can be wrapped in the Binary
object, for example:
>>> b = Binary(5) >>> b.setAt(0, 100) >>> b.getAt(0) 100 >>> b.set('abcdefgh', 5) >>> b.getAt(2) 99 >>> b.get() 'abcde' >>>The code above creates a single
Binary
object of size 5
. It sets the first byte (index 0
) to the value 100
and reads it. Later, it sets the binary data to the first 5 characters of the given string. The third byte (index 2
, pointing to the character 'c'
) has value 99
and the whole binary block can be read as string, giving the value 'abcde'
.
Every function that accepts the list of parameters can also accept the empty list []
, the list can be omitted, which is equivalent to the empty list.
Agent is responsible for routing, sending and receiving messages over the network. Conceptually, it is similar to the ORB in CORBA systems.
The Agent object is created in (almost) every program that uses the YAMI library, no matter if the given component acts as a client or as a server in the distributed system.
The multi-threading abilities (and other things that can vary between different Agents) of the Agent object greatly depend on the parameters that are provided during its creation - these parameters are called Policies.
From the programmer's perspective, the Policies object is a structure containing the following fields:
eOverflow
notification sent to the remote site (to the Agent that sent the message). Default: 10.
SO_REUSEADDR
option (when the flag has non-zero value). This policy can be useful for Agents that are frequently created an destroyed on the same port. Default: 0.
Normally, the Agent can be created without any Policies - in this case it is created with the default values (the default values depend on the respective defaults in the Core Library - they can be changed by appropriate changes in the core headers and recompiling the Python module).
>>> p = Policies()The code above creates new Policies object and assigns it to the p variable.
>>> p.sendtries 5 >>> p.sendtries = 10 >>> p.sendtries 10 >>>The code above reads the
sendtries
value (5 by default), later sets this value to 10 and reads it again.
The functionality of the message sent to the remote object is encapsulated by the Message
class.
The only way to create the instances of this class is to call
send
method of the Agent
class.
The following methods are available in the Message
class:
timeout
seconds, the local Agent will set the eTimedOut
status on the message, which allows the program to wake up, if it was waiting for the response after calling the wait
method.
If the wait
method was not called, the setTimeOut
still works - it sets the eTimeOut
on the message object if there is no packet coming from the remote object or the remote Agent in the meantime.
eReplied
, eRejected
, eUnknownObj
, eOverflow
, eNetError
, eTimedOut
or eRejectByAgent
. When this happens for any reason, the calling thread wakes up and should check for the message's status. Clients calling this function should consider also setTimeOut
, because without it, the wait
can block forever (which can happen when the remote object crashes in the middle of processing).
eReplied
, the exception will be set.
The functionality of the message received from the remote site is encapsulated by the IncomingMsg
class.
The instances of this class are created by the Agent and for the client code provide access to the message parameters and to some essential operations like replying to the message.
The only way to create the object of this class is to call getIncoming
method of the Agent
object.
The following methods are available in the Message
class:
getIncoming
method of the Agent
object).
objectname
to the domain registered as domainname
. The forwarded message has the same from address, so any action performed on the remote side (like rejecting or replying) is visible to the originating object (the one, that has sent the message in the first place). There is no limit on the length of this forwarding chain. The application is allowed to completely change the name of the message as well as its parameter list. This strategy allows to perform some preprocessing before actually forwarding the message.
The functionality of the YAMI message broker is encapsulated by the Agent
class.
The following methods are available in the Message
class:
name
is an arbitrary name (visible only to the local Agent), the address
is the network address (either in the xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx form or as a human readable comp.company.com) of the remote domain. The port and level of the remote domain should comply to the actual values. If the domain with a given name is already registered, the exception will be thrown.
name
is arbitrary name and will be used by the remote objects to send messages to this object. If the special 'YAMI_ANY_OBJECT'
name is used, it denotes the default object that retrieves all messages sent to otherwise unknown objects.
domainname
should be a name of the already registered domain or a special name, 'YAMI_THIS_DOMAIN'
, denoting the local domain (then, the shortcut routing will be performed - this is only a hint to the Agent, because the Agent can figure it out by itself, if the domain is registered with the same address and port as the local Agent). The objectname
should be a name of the object registered at the remote Agent (or the remote Agent should have default object set up). The messagename
is a name of the new message and will be visible to the remote object. The params
should be a (possibly empty) list of parameters that will be sent together with the message. Depending on the levels of the local and the remote Agents, there are restrictions on the types of parameters that can be put in this list. This method returns a new object of Message
class (and it is the only way to create the objects of that class), which can be used for later reference, for example to retrieve the status of the message and its return parameters, if any. The ``Addr'' versions allow to send the message to the destination with explicitly given address, bypassing the Agent's internal address book.
send
method, but the Message
object is not created. It is not possible to retrieve any information about the message later. Note: it does not make any sense for the remote site to reply or to reject the message sent with this method. The ``Addr'' versions allow to send the message to the destination with explicitly given address, bypassing the Agent's internal address book.
name
should be a name of already registered object. If there is no message waiting for a given object, then None
is returned. If the second form is used, the wait
parameter (if non-zero) tells the Agent to freeze the calling thread until some message arrives.