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 [10]    August 23, 2003

 [11]  [12]

Vatican City

1985

James L. Stanfield

"The Concordat of 1801 between Pope Pius VII and Napoleon Bonaparte
established a precedent-setting relationship between the church and the
modern state, in this case France. It would result in the surrender of
most papal lands by 1870. Puis IX, whose treasures include this
ring..., refused to cede temporal power over the Vatican and declared
himself a prisoner there."

--From the 1991 National Geographic Book Inside the Vatican

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